Upon successful completion of the program, students are eligible to apply for teaching licensure in both Special Education (PreK–12) and Elementary Education (K–8) from the NM Public Education Department.
The UNM Dual License Program in the Department of Special Education has a rolling admissions process. However, for best consideration, applications should be submitted by March 15 or November 15.
In order to apply and be considered for admittance into the UNM Dual License Program in the Department of Special Education, students must have completed the following requirements:
To apply to the UNM Dual License Program in the Department of Special Education, please submit the following items online through Tk20™, which can be accessed from the College of Education and Human Sciences Web site. Once all documentation has been submitted, the application will be reviewed by program faculty and students will be notified of admittance decisions.
All candidates will be interviewed. Students are encouraged to meet with one of the Dual License faculty before applying to the program to answer any questions or concerns regarding the application process or the program. To schedule an appointment, students should contact the Dual License Program Coordinator.
The UNM Dual License Program is based on the belief that all children are valued members of the school and wider community. This challenging program prepares students to work with a diverse learning population and teaches strategies that are effective for all learners by providing:
This program's state-of-the-art preparation is one of the few of its kind in the country that prepares teachers to be effective across the full continuum of educational settings for all students regardless of perceived ability. One of the ways this is achieved is through modeling interdisciplinary collaboration and co-teaching to provide a comprehensive program of study. The program is not viewed as a sequence of individual three credit hour courses but rather as a holistic and coherent program of study designed to prepare teachers who can help all students reach their highest potential. Through this carefully planned sequence of coursework, students gain a wealth of classroom experiences and develop effective instructional strategies for all learners. Graduates are eligible for New Mexico licensure in special education (PreK–12) and elementary education (K–8). This dual major program is 127-142 credit hours, depending on the Elementary Education concentration-teaching field chosen.
Students must complete the following courses with grades of "B" or higher to be eligible for acceptance into the UNM Dual License program. Students may apply to the program while enrolled in these courses.
Students must complete 24 credit hours in an Elementary Education concentration-teaching field with grades of "C" (not "C-") or higher. Concentration-teaching fields are developed with advisor approval. Courses from general education and foundation requirements can be used to count toward the concentration-teaching field with advisor approval so the number of hours varies by the concentration-teaching field. Select from: Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, or Social Studies.
Changes in state requirements or state reform initiatives in education may require periodic revisions of the curriculum and admission process.
To complete requirements for the B.S.Ed. dual major program, students are required to earn grades of "B" (not "B-") or higher in the following courses: EDUC 321L, 330L, 331L, 333L, 353L, 361L; SPED 2210, 303, 319, 464, 486; SPED 2220.
A 20 credit hour non-teaching undergraduate minor in Special Education is offered. Students should plan to enroll in Special Education courses during the Fall and Spring semesters since courses in this sequence are seldom offered during the Summer session. An appointment to develop a written Minor Program of Study must must be made with an undergraduate Faculty Advisor.
Courses
SPED 2210. Education of the Exceptional Person. (3)
A survey of the characteristics and educational needs of exceptional children. Includes definition, etiology, characteristics and various educational alternatives for each of the exceptionalities.
SPED 2220. Exploring Disability, Diversity, and Practice Across Learning Environments. (2)
This course is an introduction to special education with information regarding characteristics of individuals with exceptionalities, special education terminology, evidence-based instructional strategies, diversity of students with exceptional needs, relationships between personal and cultural perspectives, and legal policies pertaining to exceptional students’ rights.
SPCD *302. Introduction to Communicative Disorders. (3)
(Also offered as SHS *302)
The nature of speech, language and hearing disorders in children and adults; overview of speech and hearing anatomy and physiology; multicultural issues; emphasizes the impact of communicative disorders on individuals and families.
SPCD 303. Methods and Materials for Students with Mild Disabilities. (3)
To provide the undergraduate special education student with specific strategies and a knowledge of materials which are important in meeting the needs of students with mild disabilities in a variety of classroom settings.
Prerequisite: SPED 2210 and 2220.
SPCD 304. Practicum. (1-4 to a maximum of 6 Δ)
Emphasis will be on developing a functional understanding of the instructional needs of the mildly handicapped, developing initial competencies in basic skills, content and in affective programming, development of skills in behavior management and integration of initial course content. Also accompanied by a weekly seminar and an initial four-week, 32-hour instructional block.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 311. Disability and Film. (3)
We will explore common assumptions about disability present in films. Participants will develop their own standpoint on this topic, drawing on current literature and analysis of films reviewed during the semester.
SPCD 313. Curriculum for Learners with Disabilities. (2)
Primary focus areas: altering/adapting basic curriculum, implementing behavioral, affective, academic curriculum and selecting/altering curriculum content for special needs of handicapped learners.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 319. Classroom Organization and Management. (3)
Provides future teachers with technical management skills needed to cope with the behaviors of exceptional students across all categories, age groups and service levels. Emphasis on management and organization of environment, instruction, behavior and record keeping.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 391. Problems. (1-3 to a maximum of 6 Δ)
Individual research into an area proposed by the student and conducted under the direction of a faculty member.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 402 / 502. At Risk for School Failure and Disabilities. (3)
This course surveys a variety of issues and behaviors (e.g., homelessness, suicide) that place students at risk of school failure. Particularly vulnerable to these issues/behaviors are children with disabilities. School and community interventions will be addressed.
SPCD 407 / 507. Collaboration for Inclusive Education. (3)
This course addresses issues surrounding the inclusion of students with exceptionalities into general education. The course will include an examination of the sociocultural context of inclusion, methods and materials and strategies for collaboration.
SPCD 411 / 511. Social Construction of Disabilities. (3)
This course explores the concept of disability as a “social construction” from a variety of perspectives: historical, educational, bureaucratic, cultural and linguistic, gender and from that of the individual.
SPCD 418 / 518. Classroom Organization and Positive Behavioral Supports. (3)
The course promotes the area of positive support interventions and environmental management. It includes procedures for organizing and managing a classroom as well as behavioral techniques that foster successful student behavior.
SPCD 419. Introduction to Applied Behavior Analysis. (3)
Students are taught the use of behavioral technology to manage academic and social behavior in the classroom.
SPCD 420 / 520. Introduction to Intellectual Disability. (3)
Introductory course on social, medical, emotional, physical and cognitive characteristics of people with intellectual disability. Emphasizes classification, diagnosis and treatment from medical, psychological, sociological and educational points of view.
SPCD 430 / 530. Introduction to Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. (3)
Introductory course on characteristics of emotionally or behaviorally disordered children. Emphasis on historical development, identification, behavioral description, classification, assessment and an introduction to intervention strategies in various therapeutic environments.
SPCD 440 / 540. Introduction to Learning Disabilities. (3)
Covers the characteristics of persons with learning disabilities. Emphasis on the historical development of the field, definitions, etiologies, characteristics, diagnosis and research findings about assessment and instructional approaches.
SPCD 452 / 552. Teaching Students with Intellectual Disability and Severe Disabilities. (3)
An overview of general programming considerations for students with intellectual disability and severe disabilities. Students are to demonstrate competencies in writing instructional objectives, task analysis, instructional program design and developing evaluation procedures for instructional programs.
SPCD 459 / 559. Teaching Bilingual/Multicultural Special Education. (3)
This hands-on course provides teachers with ESL and native language instructional strategies for working with culturally and linguistically diverse students. Theory and practice are integrated for effective program planning and teaching.
SPCD 460 / 560. Introduction to Bilingual-Multicultural Special Education. (3)
This course is an overview of the interface between language, culture and disability. Content supports those making decisions in referral and education of culturally and linguistically diverse exceptional students.
SPCD 462. Student Teaching in Special Education. (1-7 to a maximum of 7 Δ)
Students will be placed in an elementary or secondary classroom, preferably at B or C service level. They will spend all day for one semester in the classroom setting and spend one to two hours per week in a seminar session.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 464. Classroom Assessment and Program Planning. (3)
Provides functional instruction in observation and informal/formal diagnostic procedures. Instruction in the merits/limits of diagnostic procedures and instruments. Use of case information/test protocols to determine functioning level and program plan.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 467. Physical Disabilities and Causes. (3)
(Also offered as PEP 467)
Investigation of etiology, characteristics and treatment appropriate for individuals with physical disabilities who are in public sector, schools and exercise programs.
SPCD 483 / 583. Introduction to Autism Spectrum Disorders. (3)
Introductory course on social, communication, and behavioral characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Emphasis on intervention models, curricular issues, and instructional practices used in the education of students with ASD.
SPCD 484 / 584. Research and Teaching-Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder. (3)
Provides students with an in-depth knowledge of evidence-based teaching/intervention strategies for students with ASD. Includes critique of published studies in this area and hands-on activities. Focuses on specific techniques/programs designed for ASD students.
SPCD 486. Differentiating Reading Instruction in Inclusive Settings for Students with Intellectual Disabilities and Severe Disabilities. (3)
This course addresses the basic components of planning and teaching reading in inclusive classrooms, emphasizing strategies for differentiating instruction for learners with a range of needed intensities of supports using evidence-based reading methods.
SPCD 489 / 589. Teaching Exceptional Students in General Education. (1-3 to a maximum of 3 Δ)
This course is specifically designed for general education majors with no minor in special education. It provides information about student characteristics, legal issues, resources, parent partnerships, and appropriate modifications in curriculum, instruction, and behavioral supports.
SPCD 493. Topics in Special Education. (1-3, no limit Δ)
A course exploring a topic not covered by the standard curriculum but of interest to faculty and students in a particular semester.
SPCD 501. The Psychology and Education of Exceptional Persons. (3)
Introduction to all areas of exceptionality including state and national issues, history, incidence, etiology, identification, treatment and service alternatives.
SPCD 502 / 402. At Risk for School Failure and Disabilities. (3)
This course surveys a variety of issues and behaviors (e.g., homelessness, suicide) that place students at risk of school failure. Particularly vulnerable to these issues/behaviors are children with disabilities. School and community interventions will be addressed.
SPCD 503. Instructional and Curriculum Design for Exceptionalities. (3)
Covers the selection, adaptation, and use of instructional materials in special education. Includes classroom organization and prescriptive use of materials and methods.
SPCD 504. Practicum in Special Education. (1-6 to a maximum of 9 Δ)
Supervised experience with exceptional persons. May be repeated to a maximum of 6 credit hours total for Master's Plan I and a maximum of 12 credit hours total for Master's Plan II.
Restriction: admitted to M.A., Ed.D., or Ph.D. Special Education and permission of instructor.
SPCD 505. Seminars in Special Education. (3, no limit Δ)
Research in current trends in the various topic areas of special education.
SPCD 507 / 407. Collaboration for Inclusive Education. (3)
This course addresses issues surrounding the inclusion of students with exceptionalities into general education. The course will include an examination of the sociocultural context of inclusion, methods and materials and strategies for collaboration.
SPCD 508. Collaboration with Family, School and Community. (3)
Explores family issues and environmental variables related to assessment and community influences of family members, especially students at risk of failure and who have exceptionalities. Home, school and community interventions are also presented.
SPCD 509. Adolescent Reading Instruction for Students with Behavioral and Learning Exceptionalities. (3)
Addresses adolescent developmental changes and specific needs of adolescents with reading disabilities. Examines evidence-based practices, strategies, and interventions for teaching reading to adolescents with learning and behavior exceptionalities. Includes using data to inform instructional decision-making.
SPCD 510. Special Education Law. (3)
This course explores the legal rights and responsibilities of special educators in their actions with students who have exceptionalities and the families of those students. The course includes study of applicable Constitutional law, statutes, regulations and interpretive case law.
SPCD 511 / 411. Social Construction of Disabilities. (3)
This course explores the concept of disability as a “social construction” from a variety of perspectives: historical, educational, bureaucratic, cultural and linguistic, gender and from that of the individual.
SPCD 514. Teaching Reading to Students with Learning and Behavior Exceptionalities. (3)
Focus is on specific materials, techniques and programs that have been adapted or developed for learners with severe problems in reading. Includes depth in direct instruction, cognitive/behavioral merged approaches and multi-sensory approaches.
SPCD 515. Math and Science Instruction for Students with Exceptionalities. (3)
Examines national and state recommendations for math and science instruction, child development in these subject areas, challenges that students with exceptionalities encounter in these areas, and strategies for teaching math and science to this diverse population.
SPCD 517. Assessment of Diverse Students with Learning and Behavior Exceptionalities. (3)
Reviews special education eligibility assessment and instructional assessment. Focuses on knowledge and skills necessary for (a) interpreting and applying formal assessment data and (b) designing and monitoring instruction of diverse students with learning and behavior exceptionalities.
SPCD 518 / 418. Classroom Organization and Positive Behavioral Supports. (3)
The course promotes the area of positive support interventions and environmental management. It includes procedures for organizing and managing a classroom as well as behavioral techniques that foster successful student behavior.
SPCD 519. Introduction to Applied Behavior Analysis. (3)
Students are taught the use of behavioral technology to manage academic and social behavior in the classroom.
SPCD 520 / 420. Introduction to Intellectual Disability. (3)
Introductory course on social, medical, emotional, physical and cognitive characteristics of people with intellectual disability. Emphasizes classification, diagnosis and treatment from medical, psychological, sociological and educational points of view.
SPCD 521. Assessment in Applied Behavior Analysis. (3)
Provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical background and practical application of behavioral assessment for individuals with behavioral needs. Based on knowledge and skills in the Behavior Analysis Certification Board Task List (5th edition).
Prerequisite: 519 with a grade of "B" or better.
SPCD 522. Supervision and Consultation in Behavior Analysis. (3)
Presents evidence-based procedures for the training and supervision of future behavior analysts and strategies for effective consultation with others who may employ behavior analysis techniques including parents, school personnel, and other related service providers.
Prerequisite: 519 with a grade of "B" or better.
SPCD 523. Foundational and Contemporary Topics in Behavior Analysis. (3)
Provides overview of historical foundations and scope of behavior analysis, conceptual/theoretical perspectives, core foundational principles underlying behavior analytic interventions, and introduces application of behavioral principles outside the field of special education and individuals developmental disabilities.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 524. Advocacy and Empowerment with Individuals with Intellectual or Severe Disability. (3)
Examines advocacy and empowerment with individuals with intellectual or severe disability, including related legislation, supports and interdependence, self-determination, influence of culture, and strategies that increase school-age individuals' involvement in their education.
SPCD 525. Legal Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (3)
Study of substantive law in areas affecting the lives of exceptional persons and an analysis of the legal and practical reasons for the law’s involvement.
SPCD 527. Assessment for Diverse Exceptional Learners: Intellectual Disability and Severe Disabilities. (3)
Exposes students to a variety of assessment methods appropriate for use with diverse exceptional learners, including those with intellectual disability and severe disabilities. Emphasis will be placed on assessments which provide direction for instruction.
SPCD 530 / 430. Introduction to Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. (3)
Introductory course on characteristics of emotionally or behaviorally disordered children. Emphasis on historical development, identification, behavioral description, classification, assessment and an introduction to intervention strategies in various therapeutic environments.
SPCD 532. Education and Transition of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. (3)
Instruction in development and maintenance of educational intervention programs for children with behavioral disorders. Emphasis on philosophical approach, intervention strategies, environmental arrangement, program organization, behavior management, classroom management, parent involvement, transition procedures and case conferencing.
SPCD 534. Social Competence, Self Determination and Resiliency. (3)
Review of the history of social competence and self-determination skills training for children/youth receiving special education services. Provides experiences in group training and individualized programming. Related information concerning resiliency among children/youth.
SPCD 540 / 440. Introduction to Learning Disabilities. (3)
Covers the characteristics of persons with learning disabilities. Emphasis on the historical development of the field, definitions, etiologies, characteristics, diagnosis and research findings about assessment and instructional approaches.
SPCD 542. Teaching Individuals with Learning Disabilities. (3)
Covers the primary approaches developed and adapted for K–16 students with learning disabilities. Includes major instructional models, teaching methods, specific techniques and materials that have been empirically proven effective for these students. 540 recommended.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 544. Writing Instructional Strategies for Students with Learning and Behavioral Exceptionalities. (3)
Focus is on materials, techniques, and programs adapted or developed for learners with extensive writing problems. Includes writing development, writing difficulties encountered by students, and effective explicit methods for assessing and instructing students.
SPCD 552 / 452. Teaching Students with Intellectual Disability and Severe Disabilities. (3)
An overview of general programming considerations for students with intellectual disability and severe disabilities. Students are to demonstrate competencies in writing instructional objectives, task analysis, instructional program design and developing evaluation procedures for instructional programs.
SPCD 559 / 459. Teaching Bilingual/Multicultural Special Education. (3)
This hands-on course provides teachers with ESL and native language instructional strategies for working with culturally and linguistically diverse students. Theory and practice are integrated for effective program planning and teaching.
SPCD 560 / 460. Introduction to Bilingual-Multicultural Special Education. (3)
This course is an overview of the interface between language, culture and disability. Content supports those making decisions in referral and education of culturally and linguistically diverse exceptional students.
SPCD 561L. Educational Diagnosis: Diagnostic Assessment of Young Children. (3)
Explores issues related to the educational diagnosis of young children, including standardized assessment procedures, family issues and factors impacting development.
Prerequisite: 564L.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 563L. Educational Diagnosis: Multidisciplinary Collaboration for Diagnostic Assessment. (3)
Emphasis on working with multidisciplinary teams for educational diagnosis of students and integration of assessment information from related service providers.
Prerequisite: 564L.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 564L. Educational Diagnosis: Introduction to Assessment for Eligibility for Special Education Supports. (3)
Examination of issues related to the educational assessment and diagnosis of students for eligibility for special education supports.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 566L. Educational Diagnosis: Differential Diagnosis I. (3)
Designed to develop competencies in administration, scoring and diagnostic interpretation of various individual tests of intelligence. Adaptive behavior rating scales will be included to supplement the diagnostic evaluation.
SPCD 567L. Educational Diagnosis: Differential Diagnosis II. (3)
Designed to teach educational diagnosticians to be proficient in administration and interpretation of tests in the areas of language aptitudes, self-concept and learning processes.
Prerequisite: 566L.
SPCD 568L. Educational Diagnosis: Diagnostic Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students. (3)
Specifically designed for the educational diagnostician to develop skills necessary for the educational evaluation and programming of children whose language and/or culture is other than English.
Prerequisite: 566L.
SPCD 569L. Educational Diagnosis: Clinical Internship. (1-6 to a maximum of 6 Δ)
Supervised community-based experience in educational diagnosis (primarily in public school system). Designed to provide opportunities for direct application of theoretical and practical knowledge.
Prerequisite: 566L and 567L and 568L.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 582. Teaching Students with Intensive Communication Needs. (3)
This course explores the identification, assessment and facilitation of the development and function of communication in educational settings. For young children, and those with severe disabilities, communication through alternative means to oral language is paramount.
SPCD 583 / 483. Introduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder. (3)
Introductory course on social, communication, and behavioral characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Emphasis on intervention models, curricular issues, and instructional practices used in the education of students with ASD.
SPCD 584 / 484. Research and Teaching-Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder. (3)
Provides students with an in-depth knowledge of evidence-based teaching/intervention strategies for students with ASD. Includes critique of published studies in this area and hands-on activities. Focuses on specific techniques/programs designed for ASD students.
SPCD 586. Differentiating Reading Instruction in Inclusive Settings for Students with Intellectual Disabilities and Severe Disabilities. (3)
This course addresses the basic components of planning and teaching reading in inclusive classrooms, emphasizing strategies for differentiating instruction for learners with a range of needed intensities of supports using evidence-based reading methods.
SPCD 587. Reading Methods for Students with Intellectual or Severe Disability. (3)
Designed to teach selection and implementation of appropriate reading instruction approaches for individuals with intellectual or severe disability. Includes examination of varied formal and informal reading assessments and planning and organization of reading instruction.
SPCD 588. Organization and Supervision of Special Education Programs. (3)
This course will explore administrative, managerial and supervisory theories and strategies related to special education programs and services. Participants will acquire leadership concepts, skills, strategies and trends for administration of these programs and services.
SPCD 589 / 489. Teaching Exceptional Students in General Education. (1-3 to a maximum of 3 Δ)
This course is specifically designed for general education majors with no minor in special education. It provides information about student characteristics, legal issues, resources, parent partnerships, and appropriate modifications in curriculum, instruction, and behavioral supports.
SPCD 591. Problems. (1-3 to a maximum of 12 Δ)
Individual research into an area proposed by the student and conducted under the direction of a faculty member. May be repeated to a maximum of 6 credit hours for Masters Plan I and a maximum of 12 credit hours for Masters Plan II.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 592. Workshops in Special Education. (1-4 to a maximum of 9 Δ)
Faculty-supervised intensive and interactive program focusing on the development of specific skills.
May be repeated to a maximum of 5 credit hours for Masters Plan I and a maximum of 8 credit hours for Masters Plan II.
SPCD 593. Topics. (1-3, no limit Δ)
A course exploring a topic not covered by the standard curriculum but of interest to faculty and students in a particular semester.
SPCD 594. Advanced Field Experience in Applied Behavior Analysis. (3)
This course focuses on students experiences with individuals who need behavioral assessment and intervention. It involves students meeting on campus once a week, completing assigned readings, and submitting a project based on their Field Experience.
Prerequisite: 519.
SPCD 594L. Advanced Field Experience in Applied Behavior Analysis-Lab. (3, may be repeated once Δ)
In this course, students receive supervision of their behavior analytic work with clients in their Field Experience sites. This is a requirement of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, the national certification board in behavior analysis.
Prerequisite: 519 and 594.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 595. Advanced Field Experience. (3-6 to a maximum of 12 Δ)
Planned and supervised professional laboratory experiences in agencies or institutional settings.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 596L. Educational Diagnosis: Advanced Application of Skills. (1, may be repeated twice Δ)
Provides experiential practice to prepare students to select, administer, and score standardized assessments used for educational diagnosis.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 597. Ethics and Professionalism in Applied Behavior Analysis. (3)
This course focuses on issues of ethics and professionalism within applied behavior analysis, special education, and related fields.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 598. Directed Readings in Special Education. (1-3 to a maximum of 6 Δ)
Independent readings to be arranged collaboratively with individual faculty member. Student will develop an Individual Performance Contract with a faculty member to determine the key readings and to delineate the final product to be produced. Open to Special Education graduate students only.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 599. Master's Thesis. (1-6, no limit Δ)
Faculty-supervised investigative study that results in the development and writing of a master’s thesis.
Offered on a CR/NC basis only.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 601. Professional Seminar in Special Education. (3)
A seminar for post-master’s students in special education degree programs. It is recommended this seminar be taken during the first semester of enrollment.
Restriction: admitted to Ed.D. or Ph.D. Special Education and permission of instructor.
SPCD 615. Trends and Issues in Special Education. (3)
Culminating course in doctoral program in special education. Designed as experience in applying acquired knowledge and skills to current issues and trends in the field of special education.
Restriction: admitted to Ed.D. or Ph.D. Special Education.
SPCD 619. Single Case Research Design. (3)
This course is for graduate students wishing to learn to conceptualize, design, conduct, analyze, and disseminate applied research using single case research designs. The course is comprised of lecture, seminar discussions, and in-class activities.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 696. Internship. (3-6 to a maximum of 12 Δ)
A planned and supervised experience for doctoral students. This course allows the student to apply theoretical concepts to a relevant problem. This experience may include but is not limited to research, teaching, administration, organization, and evaluation.
Restriction: permission of instructor.
SPCD 699. Dissertation. (3-12, no limit Δ)
Faculty-supervised investigative study that results in the development and writing of a doctoral dissertation.
Offered on a CR/NC basis only.
Restriction: permission of instructor.